What is the true nature of the universe?
宇宙的本质是什么?
To answer this question, humans come up with stories to describe the world.
为了回答这个问题,人们想了各种模型来描述这个世界。
We test our stories and learn what to keep and what to throw away.
我们测试这些模型,并知道了到哪些该保存下来,哪些该舍弃。
But the more we learn, the more complicated and weird our stories become.
但当我们知道了更多,模型就变得更加奇怪且复杂。
Some of them so much so, that it's really hard to know what they're actually about.
有些甚至困难到,相当难以精确说明它。
Like string theory.
就像弦理论。
A famous, controversial and often misunderstood story, about the nature of everything.
一个著名的,充满争议的,并且常被误解的理论。
Why did we come up with it and is it correct?
为何会有人想出这套理论,而它的描述是正确的吗?
Or just an idea we should chuck out?
或只是一个不值得重视的想法?
To understand the true nature of reality, we looked at things up close and were amazed.
为了知道自然的样貌,我们近距离观察各种事物,并且惊奇于其中深藏的奥妙。
Wonderous landscapes in the dust, zoos of bizarre creatures, complex protein robots.
微小世界的奇妙景观,一群群奇妙的生物,复杂的蛋白质机械。
All of them made from structures of molecules made up of countless even smaller things: Atoms.
他们全由分子所构成,并且又由更小的原子所构成。
We thought they were the final layer of reality, until we smashed them together really hard and discovered things that can't be divided anymore: Elementary particles.
我们曾经认为它们就是世界的基本单元,直到我们将它们强力相撞,并发现了完全不可再切割的物质:基本粒子。
But now, we had a problem: They are so small that we could no longer look at them.
但现在有个问题:基本粒子太小,我们不能直接观测到它。
Think about it: what is seeing?
试想一下,什么是观测呢?
To see something, we need light, an electromagnetic wave.
想要做观测,我们需要光,也就是电磁波。
This wave hits the surface of the thing and gets reflected back from it into your eye.
这道波撞击物体的表面,并反射至你的眼睛里。
The wave carries information from the object that your brain uses to create an image.
光波携带着物体的信息,让你的大脑能建构影像。
So you can't see something without somehow interacting with it.
所以你不能在没有某种交互作用的情况下做观测。
Seeing is touching, an active process, not a passive one.
看到,便能有所了解,这是一个主动而非被动的过程。
This is not a problem with most things.
对大多数的物体来说这都不是问题。
But particles are But particles are very, But particles are very, very, But particles are very, very, very small.
但基本粒子非常非常非常的小。
So small that the electromagnetic waves we used to see are too big to touch them.
它小到我们过去所能看到的电磁波根本碰不到。
Visible light just passes over them.
可见光只会穿过它们。
We can try to solve this by creating electromagnetic waves with more and much smaller wavelengths.
我们可以藉由缩小电磁波波长来解决问题。
But more wavelengths, means more energy.
但波长越小,意味着能量越大。
So, when we touch a particle with a wave that has a lot of energy it alters it.
所以,当我们用一道高能量的光去照射粒子,光会改变粒子的位置。
By looking at a particle, we change it.
为了观测它,我们改变了它的性质。
So, we can't measure elementary particles precisely.
结论是,我们无法精确地量测基本粒子。
This fact is so important that it has a name: The Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
这现象重要到被命名为:海森堡测不准原理。
The basis of all quantum physics.
一切量子物理学的基础。
So, what does a particle look like then?
所以,粒子看起来是什么样子?
What is its nature?
它的本质是怎样?
We don't know.
我们其实并不知道。
If we look really hard, we can see a blurry sphere of influence, but not the particles themselves.
如果我们尽可能去观测它,我们可以看到一团模糊的物体,但这不是粒子本身。
We just know they exist.
我们只知道它们存在。
But if that's the case, how can we do any science with them?
这种情况下,我们要对它们怎么做科学研究呢?
We did what humans do and invented a new story: A mathematical fiction.
就像前人一样,我们提出了新的数学模型。
The story of the point particle.
点粒子模型。
We decided that we would pretend that a particle is a point in space.
我们决定假设,粒子在空间中只是一个点。
Any electron is a point with a certain electric charge and a certain mass.
任何电子都只是空间中有特定电荷量和特定质量的点。
All indistinguishable from each other.
而且所有电子都无法被区分。
This way physicists could define them and calculate all of their interactions.
这样物理学家便可定义它们,并计算它们之间的交互作用。
This is called Quantum Field Theory, and solved a lot of problems.
这套理论叫【量子场论】,并且解决了许多问题。
All of the standard model of particle physics is built on it and it predicts lots of things very well.
粒子物理中的标准模型都是建立在这上面的,而粒子物理实验的精确值也相当高。
Some quantum properties of the electron for example have been tested and are accurate up to 0,0,00 0,0000 0,000000 0,00000000 0,0000000000 0,000000000000 0,0000000000002 %.
有些电子的量子性质被量测出来了,而精确值可以到0.0000000000002% (2*10^-13%)。
So, while particles are not really points, by treating them as if they were, we get a pretty good picture of the universe.
所以,就算粒子并不真的是个点,这样的假设让我们可以相当精确地去描绘宇宙,
Not only did this idea advance science, it also led to a lot of real-world technology we use everyday.
这样的想法不仅让科学进步,它也带给我们许多每天都在用的科技成就。
But there's a huge problem: Gravity.
但有一个重大的问题:重力。
In quantum mechanics, all physical forces are carried by certain particles.
在量子力学里,所有的力都由特定的粒子产生。
But according to Einstein's general relativity, gravity is not a force like the others in the universe.
但根据爱因斯坦的广义相对论,重力并不像宇宙中其他作用力一样。
If the universe is a play, particles are the actors, but gravity is the stage.
如果宇宙是场戏剧,粒子就是演员,而重力则是舞台。
To put it simply, gravity is a theory of geometry.
简单来说,重力是种几何学。
The geometry of space-time itself.
时空间的几何学。
Of distances, which we need to describe with absolute precision.
所以我们必须定义出绝对的距离。
But since there is no way to precisely measure things in the quantum world, our story of gravity doesn't work with our story of quantum physics.
但在量子物理的世界中,我们无法明确量测事物,重力模型与量子物理模型彼此并不兼容。
When physicists tried to add gravity to the story by inventing a new particle, their mathematics broke down and this is a big problem.
当物理学家试图增加新的粒子来描述重力时,他们的数学系统却崩溃了。
If we could marry gravity to quantum physics and the standard model, we would have the theory of everything.
这是个相当重要的问题,如果我们可以结合重力与标准模型,我们可以得到一切的万有理论。
So, very smart people came up with a new story.
所以天才们开始想新的模型。
They asked: What is more complex than a point?
他们问到:比一个点更复杂的事物是什么?
A line- A line or a string.
一条线? 或是一条弦?
String theory was born.
弦理论就这样诞生了。
What makes string theory so elegant, is that it describes many different elementary particles as different modes of vibration of the string.
弦理论之所以会如此精美,是因为其用了各异的震荡模式描述了基本粒子。
Just like a violin string vibrating differently can give you a lot of different notes, a string can give you different particles Most importantly, this includes gravity.
就像小提琴不同的琴弦震动,能够发出各异的乐音,弦的各种震荡模式就能产生不同的粒子,最重要的是弦理论也能描述重力。
String theory promised to unify all fundamental forces of the universe.
弦理论可以统合宇宙中所有的基本作用力。
This caused enormous excitement and hype.
这造成了群情激奋与大肆炒作。
String theory quickly graduated to a possible theory of everything.
弦理论很快的成为了可能解释一切的理论。
Unfortunately, string theory comes with a lot of strings attached.
不幸的是,弦理论有许多特殊的限制。
Much of the maths involving a consistent string theory does not work in our universe with its three spatial and one temporal dimensions.
在我们这由三维空间与一维时间组成的宇宙中,弦理论不能保持数学上的一致性。
String theory requires ten dimensions to work out.
弦理论需要以十维的世界来运作。
So, string theorists did calculations in model universes.
所以,弦理论确实能在理论中的宇宙运作。
And then try to get rid of the six additional dimensions and describe our own universe.
而物理学家想要找出去除剩余六维的数学模式来探究我们所处的宇宙。
But so far, nobody has succeeded and no prediction of string theory has been proven in an experiment.
但直到现在,没有能人成功达成这个任务,并且弦理论中的预测全部都尚未被实验证实。
So, string theory did not reveal the nature of our universe.
所以,弦理论并没有真正透露出宇宙的真实样貌。
One could argue that in this case string theory really isn't useful at all.
所以有人指出弦理论可能完全不实用。
Science is all about experiments and predictions.
科学是由一连串的实验和预测所组成。
If we can't do those, why should we bother with strings?
如果我们无法证明,那么我们为何要费心于弦理论呢?
It really is all about how we use it.
它与我们如何去使用它息息相关。
Physics is based on maths.
物理是建立于数学规则。
Two plus two makes four.
2+2=4.
This is true no matter how you feel about it.
这就是事实,不论你有什么想法。
And the maths in string theory does work out.
而弦理论中的数学推导是可行的。
That's why string theory is still useful.
这就是为什么弦理论仍然是非常实用的。
Imagine that you want to build a cruise ship, but you only have blueprints for a small rowing boat.
想象你打算造一艘巨大的邮轮,但你只有一张划桨小船的蓝图。
There are plenty of differences: the engine, the engine, the materials, the engine, the materials, the scale.
它们显然有诸多不同之处:引擎,材料,大小,
But both things are fundamentally the same: Things that float.
但他们的原理基本上是一样的:会飘浮在水上的东西。
So, by studying the rowing boat blueprints, you might still learn something about how to build a cruise ship eventually.
所以,透过研究划桨小船的蓝图,你最终可能还是可以学到怎么去造一艘游轮。
With string theory, we can try to answer some questions about quantum gravity that have been puzzling physicists for decades.
有了弦理论,我们可以试着去解释一些困扰物理学家数十年的量子重力论的难题。
Such as how black holes work or the information paradox.
像是黑洞如何运行或是它的讯息悖论。
String theory may point us in the right direction.
弦理论可能可以成为指引我们方向的一盏明灯。
When used in this spirit, string theory becomes a precious tool for theoretical physicists and help them discover new aspects of the quantum world and some beautiful mathematics.
有了这个想法,弦理论就变成了一个理论物理学家的珍贵工具,并且可以帮助他们去探索量子世界的新层面,以及一些美丽的数学理论。
So, maybe the story of string theory is not the theory of everything.
所以,虽然弦理论可能无法解释一切事物。
But just like the story of the point particle, it may be an extremely useful story.
不过就如同点粒子模型一般,弦理论可以是一个非常实用的理论。
We don't yet know what the true nature of reality is, but we'll keep coming up with stories to try and find out.
我们还不知道现实世界的真实样貌到底是如何,不过我们会继续想出更多理论来试着探究。
Until one day, Until one day, hopefully Until one day, hopefully, we do know.
直到将来的某天,希望我们能真正了解其中的奥妙。
量子力学原来是这样