【英文原声】What is social influence Why do people conform？

更新说明：

每周一、周三、周五更新 

课程原文：

This is David Myers back with you, as we engage social psychology part 2 on social influence. 

我是大卫·梅耶斯，欢迎大家继续收听社会心理学第二部分——社会影响。

This is a set of 4 chapters that begins with chapter 5 on genes, gender and culture. 

这一部分共包含四个章节，从第五章的基因、性别和文化开始。

Here, we introduce evolutionary psychology, which applies Darwin's principles of natural selection to helping us understand human behaviour.
在这里，我们将介绍进化心理学，借助达尔文的自然选择学说来帮助我们理解人类行为。
By doing so, we first understand our deep human similarities across our world, and across our races. 
通过这种方式，我们首先了解世界不同地区和不同种族的人群之间存在哪些深层的相似之处。

We all, regardless of the colour of our skin or the nature of where we live, think, and act, and perceive the world and sleep, and feel hungers and, perceive others frowns and smiles all in much the same way. 
我们所有人，无论肤色或生活的环境有多不同，几乎都是以相同的方式思考、行动和感知世界，都以几乎相同的方式睡眠和感到饥饿，都以几乎相同的方式感知他人的情绪。
We are all humans; we are all members of the same human family.
我们都是人类；我们都是同一个人类大家庭的成员。

But evolution has also prepared us to learn and adapt to our environments and that has enabled the development of distinct cultures.
而进化也使我们具备了学习和适应各自环境的能力，这使我们能够发展出独特的文化。
Cultures vary from place to place and cultures vary over time, within a given place.
文化因地而异，但即使在同一个地点，文化也会随时间推移而变化。
Cultures vary, for example in their norms, that is their rules for expected and expressive behaviours. 
不同文化的规范各不相同，也就是预期和表达行为的规则各不相同。

How expressive one’s face should be, how to greet another, or as this chapter considers, how one should behave as a man or a woman.
一个人如何通过面部表情表达自己，如何问候他人，或者如本章所提到的，一个人作为男性或女性应当具备怎样的行为表现。
These gender variations are both over cultures and also over time. 
这些性别差异既随着文化的变化而变化，也随着时间的推移而变化。

Now we shouldn't overemphasize them, because no matter whether we are male or female, we tend on average to have similar vocabulary, happiness, ability to see and learn, and remember.
我们不必过分强调这些不同，因为无论我们是男性还是女性，通常而言我们都拥有相似的语言、幸福感，以及水平相近的观察、学习和记忆能力。
We're comparably creative and intelligent, and yet our differences as males and females often capture our attention, not just our physical differences in size and muscular strength, but also our differences as we will see in physical aggression, in social power and social connectedness.
我们的创造力和智力相当，然而社会心理学家常常对男性和女性的差异颇感兴趣，不仅仅是男女在体型和肌肉力量方面的身体差异，还有肢体攻击性、社会权力和社会联系等方面的差别。

How we relate to one another, and in our sexual attitudes and behaviours and our mating behaviours, and yet thanks to culture, gender roles, even in these areas can vary widely as the social expectations for men and for women differ by culture. 
我们如何相互联系，性观念和行为以及交配行为，由于文化的原因，不同性别角色，甚至在这些方面也会有很大的不同，因为不同文化对男性和女性的社会期望是不同的。
Next, in chapter 6 on conformity and obedience, we’ll consider what Aristotle taught us, that we are social animals. 
接下来，在第六章 "从众和服从 "中，我们将学习亚里士多德教给我们的：人类是社会性动物。

And this is evident first, in studies of suggestibility, which show us how merely observing others, who may be laughing or yawning or expressing different emotions can affect how we feel, as we mimic their behaviour.
有关暗示性的研究首先为我们提供了证据，表明仅仅观察他人（他们可能在笑、打哈欠或表达不同的情绪）就能影响我们的感觉，因为我们会模仿他人的行为。
Then we'll move on to some famous studies of which people adjust their behaviour towards some group standard.
然后我们将通过一些知名研究来了解人们是如何依照某个群体的标准来调整自身行为的。

And you'll read about some famous experiments in which people, for example, were judging the length of a line and sometimes conformed to wrong answers, given unanimously by a group of other people, and we'll see who tends to conform the most and under what circumstances. 
大家会读到一些著名的实验，例如，人们在判断一条线的长度时，有时会遵从由一群其他人一致给出的错误答案，而我们也会看到哪些人在什么情况下最倾向于选择从众。
Next in chapter 6, we'll look at some striking studies of obedience in which people were brought into the laboratory and then asked to deliver what they believed wrongly were hurtful electric shocks to another.

接下来在第六章中，我们将了解一些惊人的服从性测试，在这些研究中，人们被带入实验室，然后被要求对另一个人进行他们认为错误的、伤人的电击。

These experiments demonstrate the power of social situations.
这些实验展示了社会环境的力量。
Social influences can induce us to conform to falsehoods or to concede to doing cruelty even.
社会影响会诱使我们遵从谎言，甚至对残忍的行为做出让步。
And yet we also retain power as individuals to react against social pressure or even to be a minority of one and sometimes social movements are indeed started by the power of lone individuals. 
然而，我们也会保留作为个人对社会压力作出反应的权力，甚至成为少数群体，有时社会运动的确是由个人的力量发起的。

Next, we turn to chapter 7 on persuasion. 
接下来，我们将进入第七章：说服。
This begins by comparing two different, what we call, routes to persuasion.
这一章首先比较了两种不同的，我们称之为说服路径。
The central route to persuasion engages people with rational arguments, that is they think analytically.
中心路径说服是让人们参与到理性论证中，让他们使用分析性思维。

The peripheral route to persuasion, uses incidental cues such as the attractiveness of the communicator to influence people.
边缘路径说服是利用偶然的因素，如沟通者的吸引力来影响人们。
And next the chapter will look at some of the elements of effective persuasion. 
接下来，本章将探讨有效说服的一些要素。
What makes for an effective credible communicator for example?
例如，怎样才能成为一个高效而可信的沟通者？
What makes for a persuasive message?
怎样才能让信息具有说服力？
What makes for an effective way to deliver it? 
怎样才是有效的沟通方式？
Is face-to-face better than using social media, and who is most persuaded? 
面对面的方式是否比使用社交媒体更好，谁最容易被说服？

These are questions we'll look at and we'll also conclude that chapter by looking at what we call attitude inoculation, how we can help people resist persuasion.
这些都是我们要研究的问题，在这一章的最后，还将探讨所谓的态度免疫，即如何帮助人们对说服刺激产生抵制。
Finally, our tour of social influence will conclude the chapter 8 on group behaviour. 
最后，第八章群体行为将作为整个社会影响的最终章。
This will explore a set of interesting phenomena beginning with what we call social facilitation.
本章会探讨一系列有趣的现象，首先是我们所说的社会促进。
Here, we'll see that the mere presence of other people tends to energize or arouse us and the effect of that is, to increase our performance on well-learned tasks in front of others and to impede, or make more difficult, our performance on difficult tasks when we're being watched by or in the presence of others.
在这一部分，我们将了解，仅仅是他人的存在就会使我们感到兴奋或激动，其带来的影响是，当我们在他人面前或被别人注视时，对于熟练掌握的任务会表现得更好，而我们对于处理困难任务的表现会受到阻碍，或觉得更加困难。

Next, we'll look at social loafing.
接下来，我们将了解社会性惰化。
Social loafing occurs in situations where we're engaged in a group task, but our own contributions to a group product are not visible - we're not individually accountable. 
社会性惰化发生在这样的情况下：当我们从事一项团体任务，但我们自己对团体产品的贡献不可见时，我们便不会承担个体责任。
And so, it becomes tempting to free ride on others efforts, to just ride along with the group. 
因此，我们就会很想搭上别人的顺风车，随大流。

Next up is a concept, it's a big word, called deindividuation. 
接下来是一个概念，一个涉及面很广的词，叫做去个体化。
This is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that can occur in group situations, when people are both aroused and anonymous.
这是自我意识和自我约束的丧失。在群体情境中，当人们既冲动又具有匿名性时，则会出现这种现象。 
Maybe they're wearing masks or warpaint that makes them not identifiable.
也许他们戴着面具或涂着花脸，使个体无法被辨认出来。

In such situations, people can do some pretty destructive things as we'll see.
我们将看到，在这种情况下，人们会做出一些相当有破坏性的事情。
Two more concepts, one is group polarization. 
还有两个概念，一个是群体极化。
This is the tendency when people are grouped with others of like-mind, for a period of discussion, to find that their attitudes become more intense or extreme.
这是一种趋势，当人们与志同道合的人在一起相处一段时间后，会发现他们的态度变得更加激烈或极端。

In some of my own experiments, which you'll see, we've grouped people, for example, who are high in prejudice with others of like mind, and we've group people who were low in prejudice with others of like mind and then have them discuss some racial issues. 
在我自己进行的一些实验中，大家会看到，比如我们将观点类似的高偏见受试者分到一组，把观点类似的低偏见受试者分到一组，然后让他们讨论一些种族问题。
Afterwards, the high prejudice people had become even more prejudiced and the low prejudice people even less so. 
后来，高偏见组变得更有偏见，而低偏见组的偏见则会降低。

In today's world as social media enable people to find others, who think like they do and interact mostly with them, this is a real contributor to the growing polarization in many cultures. 
在当今世界，社交媒体使人们能够找到和他们想法一样的人并大部分时间与这些人互动，这是许多文化日益两极分化的真正原因。
Finally, chapter 8 will consider the concept of ‘groupthink’. 
最后，第八章将介绍 "群体思维 "概念。

Groupthink happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives and can lead to unfortunate destructive decisions.
群体思维是指当一个决策群体对和谐融洽的渴望压倒了对替代方案的现实评估时，将导致他们作出错误的破坏性决策。
So, we'll look at what that is and how groups can be more effective in their decision making. 
我们将探讨这种现象的本质，以及团队如何更有效地进行决策。
So, there you go part 2, social influence and I hope you enjoy the listening.
这就是第二部分社会影响的内容，祝大家学习愉快。