[详解] 英语四级单词磨耳朵(441-460)|每天打卡,跟我背单词

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2022/12/16 更新为详解版

441. coarse：/kɔːrs/ adj.（质地）粗的，粗糙的；粗织的；不光滑的；不柔软的；粗大的【a jacket of coarse wool 粗羊毛夹克 // The coarse sand was hot and rough under her feet. 她脚下的粗砂又热又粗糙。】；（言行）粗鲁的，粗俗的【That coarse language won't get you anywhere. 那种粗鄙的语言对你毫无帮助。】

442. unfortunate：/ʌnˈfɔːtʃənət/ ，（美式 /ʌnˈfɔrtʃənɪt/ ）adj. 不幸的，倒霉的【When we entered the room, the teacher was yelling at some unfortunate student. 当我们走进房间时，老师正对着一个倒霉的学生大喊大叫。】；令人遗憾的；可惜的【It's unfortunate that so few people seem willing to help. 可惜的是，似乎很少有人愿意帮忙。// It's unfortunate you lost your job but things will pan out. 很遗憾，你丢了工作，不过一切都会好起来的。<pan out  取得进展 ; 有成果 ; 成功> 】；（言论或行为）令人尴尬的，不恰当的，得罪人的【an unfortunate choice of words 一种不恰当的措辞】；n.不幸之人；倒霉蛋【He was one of the poor unfortunates who invested in the company and now finds himself a few thousand pounds poorer. 他是那些投资这家公司的可怜的倒霉蛋之一，现在已经亏了几千英镑。】

443. addition：/əˈdɪʃən/ n. 加；加法【Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction. 孩子们每周要参加两次加减法等基础数学能力的测试。】; 增加；添加（the addition of something）【The addition of networking facilities will greatly enhance the system. 网络设施的增加将大大加强该系统。// Turn sparkling wine into Buck's Fizz with the addition of chilled orange juice. 加入冰镇橙汁，将起泡酒变成Buck's Fizz。】；增加的人或物（addition to）【the latest addition to our range of cars 我们汽车系列新增加的款式 // I hear you're expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby)! 我听说你家里要添一名小成员了！】；（建筑物的）扩建部分，（英式为 extension）【We're building an addition to our house. 我们正在对房子进行扩建。】；in addition (to) 此外，另外；加之；除…之外【In addition, new technology means that we can now run and design our power systems and use energy more efficiently than ever, doing more with less. 此外，新的技术也意味着，我们现在可以以更高的效率，运行和设计我们的能源系统，以及使用我们的能源，达到事半功倍的效果。】

444. calm：/kɑːlm/ adj. 冷静的，镇静的【You're a very calm guy. 你是个很冷静的人。 // He has a very calm manner. 他举止沉着冷静。// I tried to stay calm and just ignore him. 我尽量保持冷静，不理他。// Can you please try to stay calm? 你能试着保持冷静吗？// She had a mellow personality - very calm and easygoing. 她性格温和，非常冷静随和。// I was going nuts and I had to learn to calm down.  我快疯了，我必须学会冷静下来。】；平静的，安静的【The financial markets are calm at the moment. 目前金融市场是平静的。// The streets are calm again after last night's disturbances. 经过昨晚的骚乱，街道又恢复了平静。】；（天气）无风的；（海或湖）风平浪静的，平静的【The seas were dead calm. 大海风平浪静。】；v. 使平静；使安静；使镇静【He tried to calm the screaming baby by rocking it back and forth. 他来回摇晃着嚎哭的婴儿，想让他安静下来。// Calm down and tell me what happened. 冷静下来，告诉我发生了什么事。】；n. 平静的时期；宁静的状态【It was the calm of the countryside that he loved so much. 他所深爱的正是乡村的宁静。】；放松（的举止）；泰然自若（的举止）【Her previous calm gave way to terror. 她先前的泰然自若已变为惊恐。】

445. widow：/ˈwɪdəʊ/ n. 寡妇，孀妇，遗孀

446. choke：/tʃəʊk/ v. （使）窒息；（使）哽噎；（使）呼吸困难【He choked on a piece of bread. 他被一块面包噎住了。// Six people choked to death on the fumes. 六个人被烟雾呛死。// Eat your apple slowly. You don't want to choke on it. 慢慢吃你的苹果。你应该不想被它噎住。// I felt as if there was a weight on my chest, choking me. 我觉得胸口好像有一块重物，使我窒息。】；（掐住喉咙）使停止呼吸，使窒息【His hands were round her throat, choking her. 他的手掐着她的喉咙，使她喘不过气来。】；（指因感情激动而）说不出话来，使哽咽【I was too choked with emotion to speak. 我激动得说不出话来。 // ‘Get out, ’ she choked. “出去，”她哽咽着说。】；（通常指在运动中关键时刻因丧失信心而）失败；怯场【He could score points at will during the qualifying matches, but in the final he completely choked. 他在预选赛中总能随心所欲地得分，可到了决赛发挥就完全失常了。】；堵塞，阻塞；塞满 = choke up 【The gutters were choked up with leaves. 排水沟被树叶堵住了。】

447. transistor：/trænˈzɪstər/ n.晶体管；晶体管收音机

448. inference：/ˈɪnfərəns/ n.推断，推论，推理【What inferences have you drawn from this evidence? 你从这些证据中得出了什么推论？】

449. private：/ˈpraɪvit/ adj. 私人（用）的；私有的；自用的【He made some notes for his private use. 他做了些笔记自用。// Private lessons start at about $20 an hour and go all the way up to $100 an hour. 私教课程从每小时20美元到每小时100美元。// I cherish my private time. 我珍惜我的私人时间。// Private property. No trespassing. 私人财产。禁止擅闯】；（谈话/会晤）为一部分人的；私人的；秘密的；不公开的【She needs to speak with you in private. 她需要和你私下谈谈。< in private 非公开的，私下的> // By phone hacking they could overhear private conversations. 通过电话窃听，他们可以偷听私人谈话。】；（场所）清静的，不受侵扰的【Is there somewhere private (where) we can talk? 我们能找个地方私下谈吗？】；不愿吐露心思的；不爱交流思想的；内向的【He's a very private man. 他是个很内向的人。】；私立的；私营的；民间的【private company 私营公司 // private school 私立学校】；n. 二等兵，列兵 (首字母常用大写 Private)【You're dismissed, Private. 你可以走了，二等兵。】

450. surroundings：/səˈraʊndɪŋz/ n. 周围环境，周围事物；生活环境，生活条件【He switched on the light and examined his surroundings. 他打开灯，检查周围的环境。// I can't get used to my new surroundings. 我无法适应我的新环境。// Some butterflies blend in with their surroundings so that it's difficult to see them. 有些蝴蝶能和周围的环境融为一体，所以很难看见它们。// They live in very comfortable surroundings. 他们生活的环境很舒适。 】

451. scratch：/skrætʃ/ v.（用指甲）挠，搔痒；（动物）用爪子抓，搔【He was scratching (at) his mosquito bites. 他在抓挠蚊子咬过的地方。// The dog's scratching at the door - he wants to be let in. 狗用爪子抓门——它想进来。 】；划破，抓破，划伤，抓伤（皮肤）【Don’t scratch yourself on the thorns. 别被荆棘划伤自己。】；（尤指意外地）擦破，划损，刮坏【I'm afraid I've scratched your car. 恐怕我把你的车给刮坏了。// Some of the prisoners had scratched their names on the walls. 一些囚犯把自己的名字刻在墙上。】；刮出（或刮去）痕迹；擦去痕迹【I scratched away a little of the paint with my fingernail. 我用指甲刮去了一点油漆。】； 刮（或擦、抓）出刺耳声【His pen scratched away on the paper. 他的笔在纸上沙沙作响。】；n.抓痕；擦痕；划痕；刮痕【Don’t worry, it’s only a scratch (=not a serious injury). 别担心，这只是擦伤。】

452. statement：/ˈsteɪtmənt/ n. （正式的）说明；声明；表态；陈述；报告【In an official statement, she formally announced her resignation. 在一份官方声明中，她正式宣布辞职。 // Are the following statements true or false? 下面的说法对不对？】；结算单；清单；报表；（银行）对账单 = bank statement 【the company's annual financial statements 公司的年度财务报表 // I haven't received my bank statement for last month yet. 我还没有收到上个月的银行对账单。】

453. replace：/rɪˈpleɪs/ v.代替；取代；接替；替换【I'm replacing Sue on the team. 我将接替Sue加入球队。// The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. 这家工厂用机器人取代了大多数工人。// They replaced the permanent staff with part-timers. 他们用兼职人员取代了固定职员。】；更换；更新【Two of the tyres had to be replaced. 其中两个轮胎必须更换。// I'll replace the vase I broke as soon as possible. 我会尽快更换我打碎的花瓶。】；把…放回原处【He replaced the book on the shelf. 他把书放回书架上。】

454. abstract：/æbˈstrækt/，/ ˈæbstrækt/ adj.抽象的；纯理论的；纯概念的；空泛的；空洞的；抽象（派）的【By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.  到了七岁，孩子们就有了抽象思维的能力。】；n.摘要；梗概；抽象画；抽象派艺术作品；v. /əbˈstrækt/，/æbˈstrækt/ 把…抽象出；提取；抽取；分离【She abstracted the main points from the argument.她把论证概括成要点。// a plan to abstract 8 million gallons of water from the river 从这条河中抽取800万加仑水的计划】

455. conscious：/ˈkɒnʃəs/ adj. 意识到；注意到；察觉到；感觉到<be conscious of sth/sb>【I became conscious of someone watching me. 我察觉到有人在监视我。// I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good impression. 我很清楚我必须给人留下好印象。// She was conscious that Marie was listening to every word. 她意识到Marie听着她说的每句话。】；有意识的；神志清醒的；有知觉的【The driver was still conscious when the ambulance arrived. 救护车到达时，司机仍有意识。// A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone. 神志并非完全清醒的病人必须时刻有人照料。】；故意的，存心的；刻意的【He's obviously making a conscious effort to be nice to me at the moment. 他此刻显然是在有意讨好我。// It wasn't a conscious decision to lose weight. It just happened. 我没有刻意减肥，就瘦下来了。】

456. consciousness：/ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/ n. 清醒状态；知觉【David lost consciousness (=went into a deep sleep) at eight o'clock and died a few hours later. 大卫八点钟失去知觉，几小时后去世。// She could faintly hear voices as she began to regain consciousness (=wake up). 她开始恢复知觉时，隐约能听到声音。】；觉察；感觉；意识【The painful memories eventually faded from her consciousness. 痛苦的记忆最终从她的意识中消失了。// Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. 催眠是一种意识状态的改变。】；观念；看法【The experience helped to change her political consciousness. 这段经历帮助她改变了政治观念。// This will increase public consciousness of the pollution issue. 这将提高公众对污染问题的意识。】

457. equip：/ɪˈkwɪp/ v. 配备；装备【They spent a lot of money equipping the school with new computers. 他们花了很多钱给学校配备新电脑。// The rooms are equipped with video cameras. 这些房间都安装了摄像头。// The emergency services are equipped to deal with disasters of this kind. 应急服务机构配备有应对此类灾害的设备。】；使有准备；使有能力；训练【We equip students with the skills they will need once they leave college. 我们为学生提供了他们离开大学后所需的技能。// We must equip young teachers to deal with difficult children. 我们必须训练年轻教师具备应对不听话孩子的能力。】

458. equipment：/ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ n. 设备；器材；用具；装备；配备【sports equipment 运动器材 // This is an outstanding piece of equipment and it'll improve our performance. 这是一件很棒的设备，它将对我们的演出很有帮助。// Let's buy some new hardware because the equipment we have is outdated. 我们买些新的硬件吧，因为我们的设备已经过时了。】<在日常英语中，比起用'equipment'，人们更常用'stuff'，或者英式英语中更常用 'things'，如：Have you got your tennis stuff?><'equipment'是不可数名词，不能用复数；当我们谈论一件装备时，用'a piece of equipment' 或者'an item of equipment'>

459. iceberg：/ˈaɪs.bɜːɡ/ n.冰山

460. mould：/məʊld/ （美式拼写为mold）n. 模具；铸模【Another method, used especially for figures, was to pour the clay into a mould. 另一种方法，特别是用于雕像，是将粘土倒入模具中。】；（独特）类型，个性，风格【He is cast in a different mould from his predecessor. 他和他的前任性格不一样。// She doesn't fit (into) the traditional mould of an academic. 她不像一个传统的学者。】；霉；霉菌【The bread has a taint of mould. 面包上有霉斑。// The chemical was used to kill a mold that grows on peanuts. 这种化学物质被用来杀死花生上生长的霉菌。】