Day-1服从权威：先天的还是培养的？

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至关重要：强烈建议同学们先阅读下面段落，找出不认识的单词，和读不懂的地方，然后带着问题去听讲解。

Step 1：读前引入

请先听下面lead-in 读前引入，了解背景信息，并带着问题阅读。

Step 2: 原文外教朗读

请阅读并理解本段，外教朗读版在段落下方。在学完本段所有讲解后，可播放外教朗读音频反复回听模仿。

Nature or Nurture?
A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments inbehavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjectsfrom all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a'leader' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distastefor the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram toldeach volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause ofeducation, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for theirmistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.Milgram'sexperimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel ofthirty switches with labels ranging from '15 volts of electricity (slightshock)' to '450 volts (danger-severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each. Theteacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to aquestion, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level andincreasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed 'pupil'was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks byemitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with anassortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and theexperimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of thepupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per therule governing the experimental situation of the moment.

Step 3: 逐句精讲

逐句精讲，听每1-2句话下方的讲解音频，学习本句语言点

A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experimentsin behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructionsgiven by a 'leader' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personaldistaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.

Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, andwas designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes wouldhave a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.

Milgram's experimental set-up involvedplacing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labelsranging from '15 volts of electricity (slight shock)' to '450 volts(danger-severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each.

The teacher-subject was told that wheneverthe pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered,beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successivewrong answer.

The supposed 'pupil' was in reality anactor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrumof groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements andexpletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter.

Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignorethe reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock wascalled for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.

Step 4: 段落翻译

请跟着翻译音频再次阅读，以检测自己是否能快速反应出英文意思。

Nature or Nurture?

A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating anddisturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of YaleUniversity tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness toobey instructions given by a 'leader' in a situation in which the subjectsmight feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon toperform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that theexperiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to testwhether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effecton the pupils' ability to learn.

Milgram's experimental set-up involved placing theteacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from '15volts of electricity (slight shock)' to '450 volts (danger-severe shock)' insteps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupilgave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginningat the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wronganswer. The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram tosimulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams andwrithings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing boththe experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignorethe reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock wascalled for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment

Key words & phrases

跟随老师讲解牢记以下单词、词组及用法

1）fascinating   adj. 迷人的，有巨大吸引力的
2）disturbing   adj. 令人不安的
3）subject   n. 主题，主语；研究（实验）对象
4）all walks of life   各行各业
e.g. The delegation met with people from all walksof life.
代表团接触了各界人士。
5）obey   v. 遵守，服从
6）distaste   n./v. 厌恶，讨厌
e.g. She looked at his shabby clothes withdistaste.
她厌恶地看着他褴褛的衣衫。
7）call upon    号召，召唤
8）panel   n. 控制板；小组
9）label   n. 标签；v. 贴标签
10）administer   v. 管理，执行
11）severity   n. 严重
12）successive   adj. 连续的，相继的
e.g. He has worked on three successive Saturdays.
他连续工作了三个星期六。
13）emit   v. 发出，发射，发布
14）spectrum   n. 光谱，范围，系列
15）groan   n. 呻吟
16）writhe    v. （因痛苦而）扭动或翻滚
17）simulate   v. 模仿
18）assortment   n. 分类；混合
19）expletive   n. 咒骂语，感叹词
20）denounce    v. 谴责，指责，抨击
21）as per   按照
e.g. The work has been done as per instructions.
工作已按指示完成。