01. The Top 10 Pronunciation Guide

01. The Top 10 Pronunciation Guide

In this video series, you will learn how to pronounce (可发音) the 100 most common words in American English.

I got this idea when I saw a couple of other videos on this topic (题目；主题；一般规则；[逻]总论), and I was horrified (吓坏了) at what I saw.

In those videos, people were teaching the full pronunciation (发音) of these words, like: THAT, HAVE, TO.

So many of the 100 most common words are function words and they reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于).

It is completely unnatural (不自然) to fully pronounce (可发音) each word in American English.

Let me show you what I mean.

This sentence is four words, and each one of these words is in the 100 most common words list.

This is for work.

That's the full pronunciation (发音) of each of those words.

And if that's all you learn about the pronunciation (发音), then this is how you would pronounce (可发音) that sentence: This is for work.

This is for work.

Well, I don't want any of my students thinking that that is the correct way to pronounce (可发音) that sentence.

It's not. It's not natural.

This is for work. This is for work. Is and for are not fully pronounced (宣判).

Rhythm in American English is extremely important for capturing (捕获) the character of the language: for understanding Americans when they speak, and for sounding (音响；试探；测探水深) natural and being easily understood when you speak.

Some syllables are long, and some are very very short.

This contrast (对比；形成对照) is the rhythm of American English. In order to make those short syllables really short, some words in American English, some of the most common words, reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于).

This means a sound changes or is dropped.

And everybody studying English should know these.

Let's take our sentence again and talk about the real pronunciation (发音) of it.

This is for work. Two words are longer. This. Work.

And two words are shorter. Is, for. This is for work.

This is for work. So it's not iz but is.

And it's not for but fer.

This is for work. Rhythmic contrast (对比；形成对照).

So as we go through the 100 most common words in American English here, we're going to talk about rhythm and reductions at the same time, to make sure that you're learning the correct pronunciation (发音), not the full pronunciation (发音), which is rarely used in most function words.

Okay, let's start at the beginning.

The number one most common word is THE. In the sentence it will become the, the. Very fast with a schwa ([语]非中央元音).

This is when the next word begins with a consonant (辅音). For example, "the most", the the, the most.

It's usually pronounced (宣判) with the EE vowel (元音；母音), the, the, the.

If the next word begins with a vowel (元音；母音) or diphthong (双元音), for example, "the other", the, the, the.

The most important thing about the pronunciation (发音) of this word is that it should be said very quickly.

The cat. It should never be THE CAT, THE CAT. Always 'the cat'. The, the, the very fast.

The next word is 'be', and I assume this means the verb TO BE, conjugated (共轭).

I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, they are.

The important thing to know about these pronunciations is that they will almost always be said in a contraction (收缩), 'I am' becomes I'm, I'm, I'm.

Said very quickly, I'm. Sometimes you'll even hear as just. the M sound: M'sorry. M'sorry, mm, mm, mm.

That is a natural pronunciation (发音). YOU ARE, you're, reduces to 'you're'. Super fast. basically no vowel (元音；母音).

You're, you're. You're gonna be okay. You're, you're. Very fast.

HE IS becomes 'he's'. He's. SHE IS is she's. She's.

IT IS, it's, it's, it's.

Sometimes we reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于) this even further we change a sound, we dropped the vowel (元音；母音).

We say just 'ts'. Ts, ts. 'ts cool! 'ts awesome! Ts. Have you ever heard that? 'Ts cool. 'Ts raining. It's a common reduction (减少).

WE ARE, we're, becomes 'we're'. We're running late. 'we're', 'we're'. Very fast. THEY ARE, they're becomes 'they're'. Very fast, the vowel (元音；母音) changes, they're. They're okay. They're, they're.

Word number three: to. Almost never pronounced (宣判) this way, to.

We use a reduction (减少): the vowel (元音；母音) changes to the schwa ([语]非中央元音). To, to, said very quickly.

And sometimes, the true T at the beginning changes to more of a D sound, or a Flap T.

"Let's go to the beach".

Go to the. Go to. Go to.

How is 'to' being pronounce (可发音) there? to to, go to.

A flap of the tongue, and the schwa ([语]非中央元音). Said very quickly. Go to. Go to the beach.

It's nothing like TO, is it?

Again, we don't fully pronounce (可发音) this word.

It's not OF, it's of. Schwa, very light V, said very quickly.

And actually, you'll often hear this word without the 'v'.

Then it's just the schwa ([语]非中央元音), and we pronounce (可发音) it this way all the time in the phrases 'kind of' and 'sort of'. kinda, sorta (近似，有几分；可以说是).

For example, I'm kinda tired. Kinda. Kinda, uh, uh, uh. Schwa, very fast. Kinda.

Ok, we're only four words in, but let's review.

I'm going to put up a sentence. Look at it, find the reduction (减少), and then say the sentence with the reduction (减少).

Say the reduction (减少) very quickly. Here's one sentence:

I am running late (I'm running late. ) How quickly did you make that first word?

Try it as just the M sound. Mmm, mmm. M'running, M'running. M'running late.

Sorry guys, I'm running late. So natural.

When you learn the reductions in American English, and you start to really use them in your speech, you gain a native feel.

Also, understanding Americans becomes easier because you can start to identify the reductions.

One more for you to try out loud now: I want you to try reducing (减低；减轻体重法，减肥法) the word 'to'.

Look at it, think about it, now try it out loud. "I know how to do it". How to, how to, how to.

I'm making that the Flap T and the schwa ([语]非中央元音). Are you? Try it again. How to, I know how to do it.

Alright, we'll keep going with number 5: AND.

And. Another word that we rarely fully pronounce (可发音).

There are a couple of different ways to reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于) this. We'll start with the full pronunciation (发音), and we'll reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于) from there.

AA vowel (元音；母音) followed by N consonant (辅音): the tongue is lifted in the back for AA, Aaaa.

Then relaxes before the N. Aa-uh, aa-uh, aa-uh. So it's not a pure AA sound. Aa-uh, aa-uh. And, and, and, and, and.

First reduction (减少) is just dropping the D. "An', An'and I think it will be okay". An, An' I, An' I.

No D, just the N into the next word.

An' I think it will be okay.

Another reduction (减少), more common, is to just say the N sound, "N'. N' I think it will be okay".

N', N', just straight from the N into the next word. N' I, N' I think it will be okay.

Cookies and cream, salt and pepper, black and white, up and down, left and right.

All of these, I'm just making a quick N sound, linking (连接；耦合) the two other words. Up and down.

Number 6. Okay, we're actually going to do 6 and 32 together, because they're related.

They're the articles A and AN. Now, we don't say A and AN. We say 'a' and 'an'. Schwa.

Very fast, very little movement for the mouth. A, a, a coffee. A, a or An, an example. An, an. A, an.

Number 7. IN. We don't drop or change a sound here. We don't reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于). But it is still unstressed.

This mean it should be really short, less clear. Instead of saying 'IN', we would say 'in'. "He's in love". In, in. "She's in a hurry". In, in, in.

So be careful. It's not IN. That sounds stressed. It's 'in'.

Number 8: THAT. You know what I realize?

I already have a video for a lot of these reductions.

I have a video on the pronunciation (发音) of THAT and how we really pronounce (可发音) it in a sentence.

So I'll give a brief description here, but I'll also link to that and other related reduction (减少) videos in the video description.

THAT is a word that can be used lots of different ways in American English.

And in some cases, in many cases, we reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于) the vowel (元音；母音) from AA to the schwa ([语]非中央元音), uh.

So THAT becomes 'that'. Now the ending T: the pronunciation (发音) of that sound depends on the beginning of the next word.

If the next word begins with a vowel (元音；母音) or diphthong (双元音), it's a Flap T: That I, D d, d that I.

If the next word begins with a consonant (辅音), then it's a Stop T.

That she. That, that That she. I know, it's a little confusing.

Check out my video on the word THAT for a longer explanation and more examples (例子；列证（example的复数形式）).

But just note that we often don't pronounce (可发音) this word, that. We often reduce (减少；降低；把…分解；使处于) it so it has the schwa ([语]非中央元音) that.

Number 9: the verb HAVE.

Just like the verb 'be', this will often be used as a contraction (收缩) in spoken English, which is already a reduction (减少).

We're already changing sounds for that: I HAVE becomes I've, I've I've I've I've. "I've been wanting to see that". I've I've. YOU HAVE becomes 'you've'.

HE HAS becomes 'he's'. He's he's. You've you've. He's been waiting.

He's. Here's something interesting: the pronunciation (发音) of the HAS contraction (收缩).

With 'he' and 'she', it's pronounced (宣判) as a Z. Hiz. Hiz been, hiz been.

But with Shes shiz shiz. But with it, its, it's been raining, then it's an S sound. It's. He's, Z it's, Ss S.

WE HAVE becomes 'we've', we've' we've' and THEY HAVE becomes 'they've' which sounds like deiv when it's unstressed.

Number 10: the pronoun ([语]代词) I. Usually said very quickly, it's not "I" but "I". I think so.

I, I, I. I think, I. If you're speaking really quickly, you can maybe get away with something more like 'aa' than 'I'.

I think so. Aa aa aa. I think so. When it's said so quickly, you can't really tell if I'm doing the full diphthong (双元音) I or not.

Wow. Okay, we just did the ten most common words in English, and none of them are fully pronounced (宣判).

They're all words that are unstressed or reduced (减少的；简化的；缩减的).

Interesting. Keep your eyes out, that's an idiom (成语，习语；土话) that means to look for something.

We'd expect to it will be coming in the future.

So keep your eyes out for future videos in this series where we will go over the rest of the words in this list.

Here's playlist, and as I create the new videos, I will add them there.

When will we find our first stressed word in the 100 most common words of American English?

We'll have to find out.

That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.