englishpod_C0141pb

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M: Hello English learners! Welcome back to EnglishPod! My name isMarco.
C: And my name is Catherine. Today we’ve got a very, very useful lesson for all of you out
there.
M: That’s right, we’re bringing you Part 2 of the What If series, which is a small series.
C: Small, and it is kind of grammar-focused, but it’s very, very important, because you
often wanna talk about things that don’t happen, we’re calling these hypotheticals or
a conditional statement.
M: Right, so there’re many different types of hypotheticals or conditional statements, so
today we’re gonna be looking at third conditional which is, uh, probably the hardest one,
because it uses a little bit of a complex grammar structure.
C: It’s complex and we’re actually talking about things that did not happen and they will not
happen, right, so…
M: It’s impossible to change.
C: It’s impossible to change these, cause they are things that would have happened in the
past, but didn’t.
M: Hehe. Wow! That sounds confusing. Uh, why don’t we listen to the dialogue for the first
time and then we’ll be back to look at some phrases first.
DIALOGUE, FIRST TIME
M: Alright, so, two guys, you know, talking about life.
C: These… I… I imagine these guys as being, you know, middle the… middle-aged or a little
bit older, sitting on a porch drinking a beer, talking about what could have been.
M: Yeah, exactly. They’re kind of, uh, thinking about the past and, uh…
C: The decisions they have made.
M: Yeah, exactly. Alright, so before we start in the grammar, uh, why don’t we take a look
at a couple of different phrases on “fluency builder”?
Voice: Fluency builder.
C: Well, Marco, this first phrase is a phrase you’ll hear very often in English. Uh, it’s a
phrase that even has philosophical roots, something we talked a lot about when we’re
studying Socrates…
M: Uh.
C: Back in, uh… in school, but, uh… this is the good life.
M: The good life. We have the good life.
C: Or…
M: Or I have a good life.
C: I have a good life is a very common phrase, but here the good lifeis an idiom.
M: Uhu.
C: So “I’m living the good life” means, you know, I have no complaints about my life.
M: Right, so pretty much you have all of your necessities covered.
C: And maybe you have a good… a nice family and you have a good job and you just happy,
so this is the good life.
M: Uhu, very good, so you have the good life. Now, moving on to another phrase that’s kind
of also, uh, philosophical, you know. Yeah, it says everything happens for a reason.
C: Alright, so this phrase is… well, it’s also pretty common, people say this when bad things
happen…
M: Right.
C: But they also say this when good things happen.
M: Yeah, so, basically, you’re just saying that it’s destiny: if this bad thing happened to you,
there’s a reason for it. Maybe you don’t see it now, maybe not tomorrow, but maybe later
you’ll see why.
C: This o… often happens when people lose their jobs, uh, you say: well, you know,
everything happens for a reason; maybe losing this job will allow you to find a better job.
M: Uhu, or maybe go back to school and study.
C: Or maybe meet the man or woman of your dreams.
M: Hehe. Right, so everything happens for a reason, very good. And then the guy agrees
and says, well, I’ll drink to that.
C: Okay, so this is a way for people speaking English to say: listen, I agree with you, I like
that idea and I will cheers.
M: Cheers, right.
C: Right, so this means we’re gonna touch our glasses or touch our beer bottles and we’re
gonna, you know, think about how this is, uh… is a nice thought, you know…
M: Uhu.
C: “Everything happens for a reason” is positive. It’s a way to say: listen, good things can
happen from us. [NOTE: you can also say:good things can happen to us]
M: Right.
C: So he’s saying: yes, I agree, cheers!
M: I’ll drink to that.
C: I’ll drink to that.
M: Alright, well, pretty interesting phrases, um… you know, they’re very common I guess
like colloquial, right?
C: Uhu.
M: So, uh, you can use them in everyday conversation with a friend.
C: You can, and, you know, oftentimes we say, um, b… for example, something really
positive like: I’m really glad I have such great friends. And then everyone says: oh, I’ll drink
to that. Right?
M: Uhu.
C: And so, this is something you’ll hear when you’re out with friends or with family and, uh,
they may sound funny at first, but you will recognize them when you’re speaking to people
who speak English.
M: Alright, so… Right, so let’s listen to our dialogue again and then we’ll come back and
explain the grammar.
DIALOGUE, SECOND TIME (slow)
C: Pih-pih-pih.
M: Alright, so now it’s time for “grammar breakdown”.
Voice: Grammar breakdown.
C: So in grammar breakdown we’re gonna look at the two main parts of these phrases that
allow us to talk about things that didn’t happen. So we’re talking about looking back at our
life and seeing what decisions and what actions we made. And in this case, uh, we have a
great sentence here: if I hadn’t studied architecture, I would havebecome an artist.
M: Alright, so let’s look at the first part, before the comma: if I hadn’t studied
architecture. So now we have the conditional - if.
C: So, Marco, big question: did he study architecture?
M: He did.
C: He did. So if I hadn’t studied architecture, it means: I did study architecture, but if I
had not studied it…
M: Uhu.
C: Okay, so this is “if I could change the past”…
M: Uhu.
C: Then what would I have done?
M: I would have become an artist.
C: Okay, so he wanted to be an artist, but he didn’t become an artist, he studied
architecture instead.
M: Right.
C: Okay, so…
M: Very good.
C: You can see the two parts here. We have one the condition – if I hadn’t done this thing
– and then afterwards we have the result – then I would have become an artist. So this is
the hypothetical.
M: Very good, and when we see the condition, you see the gram… the… you see the… the
structure of the sentence is had + verb in past participle, so if I hadn’t studied
architecture and this is called the past perfect.
C: Uhu.
M: Right, and then the c… the result as you said would have become– this is the present
perfect: have or has + verb in past participle. Let’s look at another example: I wouldn’t
have gotten married if I hadn’t moved to this town.
C: Okay, so we’ve got the same idea here, but we’ve got it flipped. We’ve got these two
parts in different places and so, uh, he’s pretty much saying: if I hadn’t moved to this town,
then I wouldn’t have gotten married.
M: Uhu.
C: But what did happen? He did move to this town and he did get married.
M: Exactly, so then, yeah, like you say, he changed the condition and you can do this. You
can put the condition in the beginning or at the end. Then again the structure is the same: I
would have gotten married, right? Have gotten – this is present perfect, have or has,
depending on a subject + the verb in past participle. And then thepast perfect or
the condition – had + verb in past participle –hadn’t moved to this town, alright.
C: That’s a lot of grammar.
M: It’s a lot of grammar, but it’s very, uh… it’s very easy once you just start using it. Don’t
think too much about: okay, what do I do here. Just, you know, if you get the rhythm and
you start using it in the same way, then it kind of comes out naturally. And if you make a
little mistake, there’s no big deal, cause even we do it, you know.
C: Exactly, well, let’s try a couple of examples off the top our heads.
M: Alright.
C: First of all, mm, if I hadn’t move to China, I wouldn’t have learned Chinese.
M: Very good, so you did move to China and you did learn Chinese.
C: Exactly, so…
M: Alright.
C: Your turn.
M: Alright, um, if my parents hadn’t spoken Spanish to me when I was a kid, I wouldn’t
have become fluent in Spanish.
C: Okay, so your parents did speak Spanish to you and you did become fluent in Spanish.
M: I did become fluent… yes.
C: So not bad.
M: Right, as you can see, you can use it not only to… to think about things in the past that
you can’t change anymore, but just also, you know, kind of remember or say, you know:
oh, if this hadn’thappened, the result.
C: Or if I hadn’t opened my big mouth, my best friend wouldn’t have gotten so angry at me.
M: Exactly.
C: So I said something stupid and my friend did get angry and now I feel bad about that.
M: It happens. Alright, very good, so I hope it’s clear, it does sound a little bit complicated,
but this is what our website is for, right? So if you have questions or doubts or you wanna
try and plant your own ideas, you can come to the website and do it.
C: Wanna make some of your own sentences and practice some of these new things, then
come to our website, post some comments and we’re happy to correct and add our own
commentary on those.
M: Exactly, so before we go, let’s listen to this dialogue one last time.
DIALOGUE, THIRD TIME
M: Alright, we’re back. So, Catherine, any other regrets maybe in your life apart from, uh,
opening you mouth?
C: Any other regrets… if my parents had spoken Spanish to me as a kid, I would have
learned, but instead I just learned English and that’s all, when I was a child.
M: Well, your mo… your mom is half Swedish, right?
C: Half Swedish, half Czech.
M: So, and she never spoke any of these languages to you.
C: She… no, she didn’t speak Swedish or Czech. Her parents spoke English as their common
language…
M: Oh, really?
C: But she grew up speaking Italian and German…
M: Uh.
C: But she didn’t speak to me in those languages and then as an adult she forgot some of
it…
M: Uhu.
C: Some… some of them and so, um, because my dad was… my dad… well, they’re both
Americans now.
M: Uhu.
C: But my dad’s American, uh, they just spoke English to me.
M: Wow, but now you speak Italian, so would you be ever try and talk to your mom in
Italian?
C: Sometimes, um, my grandmother's Italian much better, so… my grandmother is
completely fluent, so I speak to her in Italian.
M: Uh, wow.
C: And, um, and German as well. She’s fluent in German too…
M: Wow.
C: And I s… I studied German at school, so…
M: See, this is the interesting thing now - so many people are speaking so many languages
and before if you spoke another foreign language, it was a big deal.
C: Oh, yeah.
M: But now it’s like a requirement - you have to at least, uh, dominate your own native
language and a foreign language, right? So if your native language is English, you at least
have to speak Spanish or Chinese or some other language.
C: Definitely, true. And I think there’re a lot of people, uh, a lot of our users, that speak
maybe two or three languages and English is just one more, so…
M: Hehe.
C: You know, more power to them.
M: Yeah.
C: That is a really great skill to have…
M: It’s great.
C: And I think it’s really important to keep on going with it even though it’s frustrating
sometimes.
M: Right, and actually once you’ve, uh, been able… and actually once you’ve mastered two
or three different languages, then the forth and fifth just becomes easier.
C: Actually, it’s true. It sounds… it sounds funny when you hear it.
M: Uhu.
C: Because you’re like: how could it be easier to learn more? But your brain starts to
understand patterns better.
M: Yeah.
C: Right, and so, it just becomes more natural for you.
M: It just picks up patterns from the two or three other different languages that you
dominate, so it just… it’s weird… it’s strange how the brain works.
C: You make connections.
M: Yeah.
C: Yeah.
M: Alright, guys, so that’s all for today, be sure to visit our websiteenglishpod.com, as
we said, any questions or comments or, uh, you want us to correct your, uh… your
grammar of this lesson, uh, you can visit us there and we’ll see you guys next time.
C: Alright, bye everyone!
M: Bye!
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