50 定语从句（下）

四、关系代词特殊情况

1、只用that的情况

（1）当先行词是all/everything/nothing/little/much/some/any等指物的不定代词时；

He has anything that you want. 这里是不能用which的

（2）先行词既有人，又有物时，关系代词只能用that;

He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.

（3）先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用that；

You are the cleverest student that I have seen.

这里不能用who

（4）先行词前有序数词修饰时，关系代词只能用that；

This is the first book that he has read.

（5）当先行词是名词，且前有the only, thevery, the same等修饰时。

This is the only book that is worth reading.

2、只用who或which，不能用that

（1）先行词是指人的不定代词somebody anybody nobody someone anyone

Anyone who comes late should be punished.

（2）在先行词指人的there be 结构中

There were two students who were late.

3、只用which，不能用that

（1）先行词是物且当动词短语的介词提前时

I love that toy,with which I slept when I was a kid

（2）先行词是物且为that时，为了不重复，只能用which

(好像从来没碰到过)

五、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词有when、where、why，在句子中作状语

1、 when  

指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”

先来看两个句子I’ll never forget the day. I joined the league on the day.

把这两个句子变成复合句：I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the league.

I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league.

注意：先行词为表示时间的名词时，关系词不一定都用when，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。

Do you still remember the days which we spent together in Australia?

这里先行词为the days，在定语从句中作spend 的宾语，spend the days，所以用关系代词which.

2、where 先行词指地点并在从句中作地点状语时。

The house where Ilived ten years ago has been pulled down. 十年前我住的那座房子已经拆了。

注意：当先行词是表示地点的名词，但在从句中作动词visit等动词的宾语时，用that或which，而不用where引导从句。

例：This is the museum that you saw the other day.

先行词为the museum，在定语从句中作see的宾语，seethe museum所以用关系代词that.

某些抽象地点名词如：point, stage, situation, case, condition等做先行词时，定语从句常用where引导，表示抽象化的地点。

 I’ve come to the point where I can’t stand him.

我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。

The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.

国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。

3、why 指原因，通常修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词for+关系代词（which）”

I don't know the reason why he looks sad today. 我不知道他今天不开心的原因。

注意：先行词是reason但是在从句中作某些动词如explain, remember, forget等的宾语时，不能用why引导从句，要用that或which引导从句。

例题： Have you ever asked him the reason that may explain his absence?

the reason 为先行词，在定语从句中作explain 的主语，所以需要一个关系代词。

六、定语从句与宾语从句的区别

1、通过从句的位置判断：

定语从句的位置在名词或者代词的后面，先行词一般是由名词或者代词充当的。

宾语从句的位置一般在动词或者介词短语之后，因为宾语一般都在动词或者介词短语之后。

2、 通过引导词判断：

定语从句的关系代词只有that ,who, which, whom,whose 关系副词也只有when,where, why，所以如果有的句子是 if,what whether, how 等词引导的，肯定不是定语从句。

宾语从句的特殊疑问词有意义，需要翻译出来，定语从句的引导词不翻译，没有实际意义。

3、 通过从句的成分：

当都是that引导的从句时，宾语从句中that不作任何成分，定语从句中that可以作主语和宾语。