语言学概论的一些问题

提问的可是dgut的。

同期待汉语答案...
虽然知道问的是汉语 但是因为正好在复习这个的英语..所以贴一下:
6“语言”与“言语”的联系与区别。
Langue & Parole
(by De Saussure)
Langue: the linguistic competence of the speakers (the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community). Social; Essential
Parole:the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (the realization of langue in actual use). Individual; Accessory /Accidental)
For de Saussure, Langue is the object of the study in linguistics.

11、同化
Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.

Regressive assimilation（逆同化）
Progressive assimilation（顺同化）