鱼丸冷面教英语语法

英语的句法，也就是句子成分：
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语等。

1（主语）
主语是一个句子的主体,表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首。可作主语的词有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词等。
(1)名词或名词短语作主语
The students are playing volleyball now.
Beijing is the capital of China.
The shoe shop is next to the supermarket.
(2)代词作主语
I go to school by bus.
(3)数词作主语
Four and five is nine.
(4)动词不定式或不定式短语作主语
To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.
(5)动名词作主语
Reading aloud is important for us to learn English.
(6)从句作主语
That you forget to tell me the time for meeting caused me lots of trouble.

2（谓语）
谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所处的状态。指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常由动词的各种形式或动词短语来充当,并且必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
(1)实义动词（行为动词）作谓语
She likes drawing.
I go to school at 6 on Mondays.
(2)情态动词+动词原形作谓语
You should learn English by yourself.
(3)系动词+表语充当谓语
It is Saturday today.

3（表语）
表语是和系动词一起构成复合谓语的词或短语。表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态。表语常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当。作表语的名词、数词和代词,其数必须与主语保持一致。
(1)名词作表语
Tom is my friend.
(2)代词作表语
Who is your best friend?
(3)数词作表语
Five plus two is seven.
(4)形容词表语
I feel better today.
(5)分词表语
The dog is running.
(6)动名词表语
My job is painting the walls.
(7)动词不定式表语
I wish to go to the U.K.
(8)介词短语表语
The patient is out of danger.
(9)副词作表语
Jim is over there.
(10)从句作表语
This is what I want.

4（宾语）
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作(动词)的承受者,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词来充当,一般放在及物动词或介词的后面。
(1)名词或名词短语作宾语
Show me your passport please.
(2)代词作宾语
She didn’t say anything.
(3)数词作宾语
How many do you want? I want two.
(4)动词不定式作宾语
They asked to see my ticket.
(5)名词化的形容词作宾语
They’re helping the poor during the winter.
(6)名词化的分词作宾语
He sent the two injured to the hospital.
(7)动名词宾语
I enjoy working with you.
(8)不及物动词后加介词再跟宾语。
My mother often looks after my little sister .
(9)双宾语
Tom gave me a pen yesterday.

5（定语）
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的句子成分。主要有形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。形容词、名词作定语,一般放在名词前;副词、介词短语作定语,放在名词后。
(1)名词作定语
The boy needs a ball pen.
(2)形容词作定语
Tom is a handsome boy.
(3)数词作定语
The teacher divided the students into 8 groups.
(4)代词作定语
His name is Tom.
(5)不定式作定语
The boy to write this letter is Tom.
(6)分词作定语
He picked up the broken glasses.
(7)介词短语作定语
The girl in a red hat is my younger sister.
(8)副词作定语
The man here is Tom.
(9)从句作定语
Beijing is the place where I was born.

6（状语）
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分,说明时间,地点,方式,条件,对象,程度,目的,结果,原因等。可作状语的有名词、副词、介词短语、不定时短语和从句等。
(1)时间状语
We go to school every day.
(2)地点状语
I first met him in Paris.
(3)原因状语
He was sent to prison for robbery.
(4)结果状语
The box is too heavy for the girl to lift.
(5)条件状语
Can you see without your glasses?
(6)目的状语
They went out for a walk.
(7)让步状语
Tom went to work in spite of feeling ill.
(8)方式状语
You must pay the bill by cash.
(9)伴随状语
I slept with all the windows open.

7.（宾语补足语）
宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。可作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、介词和动词不定式等。
Let me do it.
Leave it on the desk.
We must keep the classroom clean every day.
You can call me Tom.

8.（同位语）
同位语指用两个或两个以上的词语,指同一个事物,作同一个句子成分。通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother’s.
We Chinese are brave and hardworking.